Ethereum blocks now come every 12 seconds after the Merge, and that affects user balance updates. It's not innocuous, and it complicates the user experience.
Post-Merge Slot and Epoch Timing
The Merge reduced Ethereum block times from 13.3 seconds to 12 seconds. An Ethereum epoch is 32 slots long, and two epochs make finality.
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- 12 second slots
- 32 slots per epoch
- 12.8 minutes to two epochs
EIP-1559 Fee Mechanics
EIP-1559 introduced a transaction fee structure in Ethereum. The new structure consists of a burned base fee and a priority fee, called a “tip,” that rewards the block proposer. The priority fee can incentivize earlier inclusion of transactions in a block.
- 1 base fee burned
- 1 priority fee to proposer
- priority fee incentivizes faster inclusion
Why Transactions Get Stuck
What does it mean for a transaction to be “included”? It means your transaction has been added to a block and confirmed by the network. However, not all transactions are included in this final block. Transactions can be pending for several reasons.
- Nonce, transaction number
- Later transactions blocked by earlier nonces
- Fee too low or nonce conflict if gas used cautiously